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18th Street gang
18th Street gang, also known as Calle 18, Barrio 18, La18 or Mara-18 in Central America,〔〔Lynch, T. W. (2008). "The evolution of modern Central American street gangs and the political violence they present: Case studies of Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras". Theses and Dissertations. Paper 370.http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/370〕〔U.S. Department of Homeland Securtiy, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. (2011). Hsi dismantles '18th street' gang's fraudulent document ring. Retrieved from website: http://www.ice.gov/news/releases/1109/110909newyork.htm〕〔Berlin, D., Brizius, E., Bump, M., Garshelis, D., Khonsari, N., Pinheiro, E., Rhudy, K., & Smith, J. (2007). Between the border and the street: A comparative look at gang reduction policies and migration in the United States and Guatemala. Informally published manuscript, Georgetown University Law Center, Human Rights Institute, Georgetown University, Washington D.C., USA. Retrieved from http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=hri_papers〕 is a multi-ethnic transnational criminal organization that started as a street gang in the Rampart area of Los Angeles, California. They are considered to be the largest transnational criminal gang in Los Angeles and it is estimated that there are tens of thousands of members in Los Angeles County alone. Their wide-ranging illegal activities and notoriety has come to the attention of the FBI and Immigration and Customs Enforcement. In the early 2000s, the government initiated raids against known and suspected gang members netting hundreds of arrests across the country.
==History==
18th Street gang started near 18th Street and Union Avenue in the Rampart District of Los Angeles.〔 There is conflicting information as to the exact area, but this is a generally accepted area by most academic sources. They were originally part of Clanton 14 but wanted to make a separate clique called Clanton 18th Street and allow immigrants the opportunity to join. This proposal was rejected by the Clanton 14, which led to the formation of the 18th Street gang. The two gangs have been bitter rivals ever since.〔Zilberg, E. (2011). Space of detention: The making of a transnational gang crisis between Los Angeles and San Salvador. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.〕 The 18th Street gang grew by expanding its membership to other nationalities and races, and it was among the first multiracial, multi-ethnic gangs in Los Angeles.〔 In the beginning, they were made up largely of second-generation Hispanics.〔 As the 18th Street gang began to battle with more established Hispanic gangs, they began to recruit outside the Hispanic community. There are approximately 200 separate individual autonomous gangs operating under the same name within separate barrios in the San Fernando Valley, the San Gabriel Valley, South Bay, Riverside California, East Los Angeles, South Los Angeles, Downtown Los Angeles, Pico Union, Inglewood, Lynwood, South Gate, Huntington Park, Maywood, Long Beach, Orange County, San Diego, and Los Angeles' Westside, according to the latest figures from the NDIC. In the early 2000s, the Federal Bureau of Investigation initiated wide-scale raids against known and suspected gang members, netting hundreds of arrests across the country.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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